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Using a VPN is a terrific way to shield your internet traffic when you're traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your regional files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shot's iPhone, they asked Apple to get a back door to get past the encryption. However, no such back door existed, and Apple refused to make one. The FBI had to employ hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Because the moment a rear door or similar hack exists, it becomes a goal, a prize for the bad guys. It will flow sooner or later. In a discussion at Black Hat last summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed that the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update thembut the bad guys can't get in either. .

Each of the products in this roundup explicitly say that they have no back door, and that is as it ought to be. It does mean that if you encrypt an essential document and then forget the encryption password, then you have lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to keep a document key you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a safe. The two main approaches in encryption utilities parallel those options.

One sort of product simply procedures files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. The other creates a virtual disk drive that, when open, behaves like any other drive on your system. When you lock the digital drive, all the documents you put into it's completely inaccessible. .

Like the digital drive solution, a few products save your encrypted data in the cloud. This approach requires extreme care, obviously. Encrypted information in the cloud has a much larger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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Which is better It really depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of Continued the 30-day free trial offered by each of these products to get a feel for the different options.

After you copy a file into protected storage, or create an encrypted version of it, then you definitely need to wipe out the unencrypted original. Simply deleting it isn't sufficient, even in the event that you skip the Recycle Bin, since the information still exists on disc, and data retrieval utilities can often return back. .

Some encryption products prevent this problem by encrypting the file in place, literally overwriting it on disk with an encrypted version. It's more common, however, to provide safe deletion as an option. If you select something that lacks this attribute, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting data before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based recovery tools. Hardware-based forensic recovery works since the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It is more of a waveform. In simple terms, the process involves nulling out the known information and reading around the borders of what is left.

An encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, image, or other file into it, and you get back what sounds like gibberish. Run that gibberish back via the box, using the same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and every one of the products gathered here support AES. Even those that support other calculations tend to recommend using AES.

If you are an encryption specialist, you might prefer another algorithm, Blowfish, perhaps, or the Soviet government's GOST. For the average user, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them confidential, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you receive two keys. One is public; you can share it with anyone, register it in a key exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you like. The other is private, and should be carefully guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this program in reverse, you can make an electronic signature which shows that your document came from you and hasn't been altered. How Just encrypt it with your private key. The simple fact that your public key decrypts it's all the evidence you need. PKI service is less common than support for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to talk about a document with someone and your encryption tool doesn't support PKI, there are different options for sharing. Many products allow creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You may also find that the recipient can use a complimentary, decryption-only tool.